Strain Theory

Definition

Strain theory, developed by sociologist Robert Merton in 1938, suggests that individuals experience tension or strain when there is a disconnect between societal goals and the acceptable means to achieve them. In other words, society often promotes specific outcomes (like financial success) but may not provide equal opportunities for everyone to reach those goals through legitimate methods (such as education or employment). This imbalance can lead people to engage in deviant behavior, such as crime, as a response to the frustration and pressure they feel.

Example

A young person growing up in a neighborhood with limited access to quality education or job opportunities. Society tells them that success is measured by financial stability and owning a home. They struggle to achieve these goals through conventional means. Over time, this individual may feel strained and resort to illegal activities, such as theft or drug dealing, as a way to meet their needs or gain the resources they believe are necessary for success.

Why It Matters

Strain theory matters because it helps us understand the deeper causes of deviance and crime beyond simply blaming individuals. By recognizing that societal structures can create the framework in which deviant behavior occurs, we can address the root issues rather than just punishing the behavior. This perspective encourages policies that focus on improving pathways for upward mobility, where people can achieve their goals without feeling pressured into deviance.