Hooten and Sheldon Theory of Deviance

Definition

The E.A. Hooten / William H. Sheldon theory of deviance is a perspective that examines how biological factors influence individual behavior, particularly deviant behavior. According to this theory, certain physical characteristics or body types are associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in deviant acts. Specifically, they proposed three basic somatotypes (body types) that correlate with different tendencies:

1. Endomorphs (soft and round) - prone to comfort-seeking behaviors.
2. Mesomorphs (athletic and muscular) - associated with assertiveness or aggression.
3. Ectomorphs (slim and tall) - linked to introversion or neuroticism.

The theory suggests that individuals with certain somatotypes may be more inclined toward deviance due to their physical characteristics influencing their behavior.

Example

A high school student is athletic and muscular (a mesomorph). According to Hooten and Sheldon's theory, the student might be more prone to engaging in aggressive or rule-breaking behaviors, such as getting into fights or skipping classes. The theory would suggest that the student's physical build could influence his tendency toward these deviant actions.

Why It Matters

The Hooten-Sheldon theory is significant because it was one of the first attempts to scientifically link biology to behavior, sparking broader discussions about how nature and nurture interact in shaping human actions. While modern research has moved beyond strictly biological explanations for deviance, their work laid the groundwork for understanding the complex interplay between physical traits, environment, and social behaviors. It also highlights the importance of considering multiple factors - biological, psychological, and social - when analyzing why individuals engage in deviant behavior. This more holistic approach is relevant in contemporary criminology and psychology.