Deviance as Individual Choice

Definition

The Theory of Deviance as Individual Choice is a sociological perspective that suggests people engage in deviant behavior (actions that violate societal norms) because they make rational decisions after weighing the potential costs and benefits. According to this theory, individuals assess their situation, consider the rewards or satisfaction they might gain from breaking a rule or norm, and compare it to the risks of getting caught or facing punishment. If the perceived benefits outweigh the costs, they choose to deviate.

Example

A college student who has an important exam coming up hasn't studied much. The student knows that cheating on the exam could help them get a better grade, which aligns with their goal of maintaining a high GPA for graduate school applications. However, they also know there are consequences if they get caught, such as academic probation or failing the course. After thinking through these factors, the student decides to cheat by using a hidden note during the exam because they believe the benefits (a higher grade) outweigh the risks.

Why it Matters

This theory matters because it shifts the focus from societal structures or external pressures to individual agency and decision-making. It helps us understand that deviance isn't random but is often a calculated choice based on personal goals, social influences, and perceived opportunities. By recognizing this, we can better design interventions, policies, and education programs that address the underlying reasons for such choices and encourage individuals to make more socially acceptable decisions. Additionally, it challenges us to consider how societal norms and rules are constructed and whether they effectively deter deviance or create unintended consequences.