Labeling Theory

Definition

Labeling theory is a sociological perspective that examines how individuals or groups are categorized as "deviant" or "criminal" by society. According to this theory, people become deviant or criminal not because of their inherent actions but because others label them in such a way. Once labeled, individuals may internalize these labels and behave accordingly, reinforcing the perception of themselves as deviant or criminal.

Example

A teenager gets caught shoplifting for the first time. The police arrest him, the media labels him as a "juvenile delinquent," and his school suspends him. Over time, this labeling causes the teenager to feel isolated and rejected by society. As a result, he begins to associate with other labeled individuals, leading him to engage in more deviant behavior. This cycle demonstrates how being labeled can push someone further into deviance rather than encouraging them to reform.

Why it Matters

Labeling theory matters because it highlights the power of societal perceptions and how they shape individual identities and behaviors. By understanding this process, we can work toward reducing stigma and addressing the root causes of deviance instead of simply punishing individuals. It also encourages us to question who gets labeled and why.