General Intelligence

Definition

General intelligence, often symbolized as g, refers to an individual’s overall ability to understand, learn, reason, and solve problems across a wide range of tasks and situations. The concept was first introduced by Charles Spearman, who proposed that performance on different cognitive tasks is influenced by a single underlying factor. a general mental capacity that supports all forms of intellectual activity. General intelligence involves abilities such as perception, memory, attention, comprehension, critical thinking, and creativity. Unlike specialized intelligences, which focus on particular domains (e.g., mathematical or musical ability), g represents the shared foundation of cognitive functioning that allows people to adapt to new challenges and environments.

Example

John has never solved a jigsaw puzzle before. He comes across a challenging puzzle with no picture on the box. Using his general intelligence, he first examines the pieces, looking for edges and patterns. He groups similar colors and shapes, gradually builds sections, and uses trial and error to refine his approach. By combining reasoning, spatial awareness, and persistence, John successfully completes the puzzle. This demonstrates how general intelligence helps integrate multiple cognitive skills to solve novel problems.

Why It Matters

General intelligence matters because it helps individuals adapt and succeed in diverse environments. Spearman’s g factor became foundational to modern intelligence research, influencing how psychologists understand learning, problem-solving, and intellectual development. In academic and professional contexts, higher general intelligence supports flexible thinking, innovation, and effective collaboration. Yet, recognizing its limits is equally important—some psychologists, such as Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg, argue that intelligence is better viewed as a set of distinct but interacting abilities. Understanding general intelligence within this broader context encourages balanced approaches to education, training, and lifelong cognitive growth.