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Definition The id is a term from psychology, specifically Freudian (psychodynamic) theory, referring to the primitive part of the psyche that seeks immediate gratification of basic desires, such as hunger, sex, and aggression. It operates on the "pleasure prin...

Definition Ideal Self: The "ideal self" refers to the version of oneself that a person aspires to be. It represents their hopes, desires, and goals for personal growth and is often shaped by values, beliefs, and societal expectations. Real Self: The "real self...

Definition Ideology refers to a set of beliefs, values, and ideas that shape how individuals or groups understand the world, their place in it, and the way they should behave or interact with others. It acts like a framework through which people interpret even...

Definition Implicit memory refers to the unconscious retention of information or experiences that influences our behavior and thought processes without us actively trying to recall them. Unlike explicit memory, which involves conscious recollection (like remem...

Definition Individuation is the process of becoming a whole and integrated person by bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness. In Jungian psychology, it represents the lifelong journey toward psychological balance and authenticity. Rather than strivi...

Definition The Indivisible Self Model is a psychological concept that emphasizes the idea that individuals are holistic beings who cannot be fully understood by examining only one aspect of their identity or experiences. It suggests that our personal, professi...

Definition Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychology, is a field that applies psychological principles to workplace settings. It aims to improve efficiency, job satisfaction, and overall organizational effectiveness by studying how people think and behave at ...

Definition The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that began in Britain during the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world over the next several decades. It marked a significant shift from agrarian societies to indus...

Definition Inattentional blindness is a phenomenon where individuals fail to notice an obvious stimulus in their environment because they are focused on something else. It occurs when attention is so concentrated on one task or object that other stimuli, even ...

Definition An individualistic culture is a type of societal structure where individuals prioritize personal goals, independence, and self-expression over group or community objectives. In such cultures, people often emphasize their unique identities, rights, a...

Definition An inferiority complex is a psychological state where an individual consistently feels inadequate or less capable than others in certain areas. This feeling can develop from real or perceived shortcomings and often leads to low self-esteem and self-...

Definition    Informational social influence occurs when individuals adjust their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors to align with those of others because they perceive the other person as more knowledgeable or credible. This phenomenon is driven by the desire t...

Definition Innovation is a mechanism for cultural change that involves introducing new ideas, practices, or technologies that challenge existing norms and values within a society. It often arises from creative problem-solving or responding to changing circumst...

Definition Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early and not being able to return to sleep. It often results in feeling tired, groggy, or unrefreshed during the day despite having had enough...

Definition Intelligence in psychology refers to the ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand complex ideas, and engage in reasoning. It involves skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and the ability to acquire and appl...

Definition Internal control mechanisms refer to the psychological or social processes through which individuals regulate their own behavior, thoughts, and emotions without external enforcement. These mechanisms help people adhere to societal norms, rules, and ...

Definition Intrinsic motivation refers to the internal desire or drive to engage in an activity because it is personally rewarding, enjoyable, or meaningful. Unlike extrinsic motivation, which comes from external rewards like money, grades, or praise, intrinsi...

Definition Introspection is a psychological process that involves examining one’s own thoughts, feelings, and sensory experiences to gain insight into the workings of the mind. The concept played a central role in Wilhelm Wundt’s early school of psychology kno...

Definition The "iron law of oligarchy" is a concept in political science that describes how organizations, regardless of their original intentions or structure, tend to become dominated by a small group of leaders or an oligarchy. This happens because, as grou...

Definition The James-Lange Theory of Emotion, proposed by William James and Carl Lange in the late 19th century, suggests that emotions are the result of physical reactions to external stimuli. According to this theory, when we encounter a situation or event, ...