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Definition The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that began in Britain during the late 18th century and spread to other parts of the world over the next several decades. It marked a significant shift from agrarian societies to indus...

Definition Inattentional blindness is a phenomenon where individuals fail to notice an obvious stimulus in their environment because they are focused on something else. It occurs when attention is so concentrated on one task or object that other stimuli, even ...

Definition An individualistic culture is a type of societal structure where individuals prioritize personal goals, independence, and self-expression over group or community objectives. In such cultures, people often emphasize their unique identities, rights, a...

Definition An inferiority complex is a psychological state where an individual consistently feels inadequate or less capable than others in certain areas. This feeling can develop from real or perceived shortcomings and often leads to low self-esteem and self-...

Definition    Informational social influence occurs when individuals adjust their beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors to align with those of others because they perceive the other person as more knowledgeable or credible. This phenomenon is driven by the desire t...

Definition Innovation is a mechanism for cultural change that involves introducing new ideas, practices, or technologies that challenge existing norms and values within a society. It often arises from creative problem-solving or responding to changing circumst...

Definition Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking up too early and not being able to return to sleep. It often results in feeling tired, groggy, or unrefreshed during the day despite having had enough...

Definition Intelligence in psychology refers to the ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand complex ideas, and engage in reasoning. It involves skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and the ability to acquire and appl...

Definition Intrinsic motivation refers to the internal desire or drive to engage in an activity because it is personally rewarding, enjoyable, or meaningful. Unlike extrinsic motivation, which comes from external rewards like money, grades, or praise, intrinsi...

Definition Introspection is a psychological process that involves examining one’s own thoughts, feelings, and sensory experiences to gain insight into the workings of the mind. The concept played a central role in Wilhelm Wundt’s early school of psychology kno...

Definition The James-Lange Theory of Emotion, proposed by William James and Carl Lange in the late 19th century, suggests that emotions are the result of physical reactions to external stimuli. According to this theory, when we encounter a situation or event, ...

Definition Carl Jung's Theory of Dreams posits that dreams are a form of communication from the unconscious mind to the conscious self, often expressed through symbols and metaphors. According to Jung, these messages serve as guidance for personal growth, emot...

Definition Justification of Effort is a psychological phenomenon where individuals convince themselves that their efforts are worthwhile, often after investing significant time, money, or emotional energy into something, even if doubts arise about its value. T...

Definition The Just Noticeable Difference (JND) refers to the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect, given repeated exposure to the same level of stimulus. It is closely related to Weber's Law, which states that the JND is pro...

Definition The Just World Hypothesis is a psychological concept that suggests people tend to believe that the world is fair and just, meaning that actions and behaviors are inherently deserving of their outcomes. This belief can influence how individuals perce...

Definition Kinesthesia, also known as proprioception, is the ability to sense the position, movement, and orientation of your body in space. It involves the detection of stimuli within the body, particularly in muscles, joints, and tendons, which provide infor...

Definition Labeling theory is a sociological perspective that examines how individuals or groups are categorized as "deviant" or "criminal" by society. According to this theory, people become deviant or criminal not because of their inherent actions but becaus...

Definition Language is a system of communication used by humans through the use of speech, writing, or gestures. It consists of words, sounds, signs, or symbols that are organized according to grammatical rules and conventions. Language allows people to expres...

Definition Latent learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge or skills indirectly through experiences without conscious effort or intent. It occurs when information is absorbed over time through observation, interaction, or exposure rather than thro...

Definition Lateralization refers to how different tasks or functions are divided between the left and right sides of the brain. Each hemisphere specializes in certain activities, allowing us to perform complex actions more efficiently. For example, the left he...