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Definition The fundamental attribution error is a cognitive bias that occurs when people overemphasize internal traits (such as personality or character) to explain someone's behavior while underestimating external factors (like the situation or environment). ...

Definition Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter, which means it's a chemical that helps transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning its main role is to reduce or calm activity in the nervou...

Definition A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building proteins or RNA molecules, which are essential for the structure and function of living organisms. Genes determine traits such as eye color, height, and susceptibility to certain dis...

Definition In sociology, Gemeinschaft refers to a type of social group characterized by close personal relationships, shared traditions, and a strong sense of community. It emphasizes emotional connections and collective identity over individual goals or econo...

Definition The Conflict Theory Perspective on Gender Stratification is a sociological approach that examines how gender-based inequalities can be maintained and perpetuated through power struggles within society. It suggests that societal structures, institut...

Definition The Structural Functionalist Perspective on Gender Stratification is a sociological theory that examines how gender-based inequalities contribute to the stability and functioning of society. From this viewpoint, gender roles are seen as integral par...

Definition The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on Gender Stratification examines how gender roles are shaped through everyday interactions and the meanings people assign to these roles. This approach focuses on micro-level processes, such as conversations,...

Definition General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) refers to a three-stage process describing how the body responds to prolonged stress. Introduced by Hans Selye, it outlines the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, illustrating the body's attempt to adapt t...

Definition General intelligence, often symbolized as g, refers to an individual’s overall ability to understand, learn, reason, and solve problems across a wide range of tasks and situations. The concept was first introduced by Charles Spearman, who proposed ...

Definition Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation in organisms. It focuses on understanding how traits, such as eye color or height, are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Genes are units of heredity made up of DNA (deoxyribonu...

Definition The genotype of an organism refers to its complete set of genetic instructions, which is made up of DNA. This DNA contains genes that determine various traits and characteristics of the organism. Each gene can have different forms called alleles, an...

Definition Gestalt Psychology is an approach in psychology that focuses on how humans perceive wholes rather than individual parts. It emphasizes that the mind organizes sensory information into meaningful patterns or structures, allowing us to make sense of o...

Definition: In sociology, "Gesellschaft" refers to a type of social organization characterized by impersonal and contractual relationships, often driven by self-interest and efficiency. It contrasts with "Gemeinschaft," which emphasizes personal, communal bond...

Definition Glial cells are specialized non-neuronal cells found in the nervous system that play a crucial role in supporting, maintaining, and protecting neurons. While they do not directly transmit electrical signals like neurons, glial cells provide essentia...

Definition Group polarization refers to the tendency for group discussion to strengthen the dominant opinions or attitudes of its members, often leading to more extreme positions than any member might have held individually. Groupthink, a concept developed by ...

Definition Glutamate is a type of amino acid that plays a crucial role in the human body, particularly as one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. Unlike many other amino acids, glutamate is not directly incorporated into proteins but instead ...

Definition The gustation system refers to the sensory system responsible for detecting and interpreting taste, which occurs primarily through taste buds located on the tongue and other areas of the mouth. It plays a crucial role in identifying different flavor...

Definition Hans and Sybil Eysenck proposed a biologically based model of personality that emphasizes three broad dimensions—Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism (often abbreviated as the PEN model). Extraversion (E): Ranges from sociable, outgoing, an...

Definition Habituation in classical conditioning refers to a decrease in response to a repeated, unchanging stimulus over time. When an organism is exposed to the same stimulus repeatedly without any significant changes or additional consequences, its reaction...

Definition Harmful dysfunction refers to a concept introduced by Jerome Wakefield in 1992 to define mental disorders. According to this framework, a mental disorder occurs when there is a dysfunction in an individual's psychological mechanisms—processes that h...