Dramaturgy

Definition

Dramaturgy is a sociological concept developed by Erving Goffman, who compared social interaction to a theatrical performance. According to Goffman, individuals present themselves to others through a process of role-playing—acting out “scripts” in everyday life to manage the impressions they make. Whether consciously or unconsciously, people tailor their appearance, behavior, and communication to fit the situation and the expectations of their audience. This perspective emphasizes that much of social life involves performance, not in the sense of deception, but as an ongoing negotiation of identity and meaning.

Example

Imagine you have a job interview. You dress professionally, speak confidently, and carefully craft your answers to impress the interviewer. In this scenario, you are engaging in dramaturgy by performing the role of a competent and desirable candidate. Your goal is to align your behavior with the expectations of the interviewer—managing their impression of you to achieve a favorable outcome.

Why It Matters

Dramaturgy matters because it illuminates how our social interactions are shaped by the roles we play and the impressions we attempt to control. Goffman’s framework helps us see that identity is not fixed—it is continually constructed and negotiated through performance. Recognizing these dynamics allows us to better navigate social situations, communicate effectively, and understand the subtle power structures that influence behavior. By becoming aware of the performances around us—including our own—we gain insight into how society maintains order, how authenticity is expressed, and how empathy can bridge the gap between who we are and how we appear.