Epigenetics
Definition
Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. These changes can affect how genes are turned on or off, influencing traits such as height, weight, or susceptibility to certain diseases. Unlike mutations, which change the DNA code itself, epigenetic modifications are reversible and can be influenced by environmental factors, diet, lifestyle, and even stress.
Example
Imagine two identical twins who share the exact same genetic makeup. As they grow up, one twin develops a serious allergy to pollen while the other does not. This difference isn't due to a mutation in their DNA but rather because of epigenetic changes that affect how their immune system genes are expressed. Environmental factors, such as exposure to pollutants or differences in diet, could have influenced these changes.
Why it Matters
Epigenetics matters because it helps us understand how our environment and lifestyle can influence our health and traits without altering our DNA. This knowledge is crucial for developing new treatments for diseases like cancer, diabetes, and mental illnesses, where gene expression plays a significant role. By studying epigenetics, researchers can identify ways to modify gene activity to prevent or treat these conditions, offering hope for personalized medicine and better health outcomes.
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