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Definition The Universal Church refers to the idea of a global community that includes all members of society within one united moral framework. It emphasizes unity, shared values, and collective responsibility, regardless of individual differences such as rac...

Definition The degree to which a test or study measures what it claims to measure. Example  A questionnaire designed to measure "emotional intelligence" but which only includes questions about factual knowledge (What is the capital of the United States?) has ...

Definition The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a region located in the midbrain that plays a key role in the brain's reward system. It is closely involved in controlling motivation, reinforcement of behaviors, and learning processes. The VTA contains neurons t...

Definition The vestibular sense is one of the five human senses, responsible for detecting movement, balance, and spatial orientation. It is primarily located in the inner ear and helps us understand our body's position relative to gravity and whether we are m...

Definition Vicarious reinforcement and punishment refers to a psychological phenomenon where individuals learn behaviors by observing others being rewarded (reinforcement) or punished for their actions, even though they are not directly involved. This concept,...

Definition The visual sensory system is the collection of structures and processes responsible for detecting, processing, and interpreting visual information from our surroundings. It includes the eyes (which capture light), optic nerves (which transmit signal...

Definition Wakefulness refers to a state of consciousness where an individual is fully aware of their surroundings, thoughts, and emotions. It involves being awake, alert, and capable of processing information, interacting with the environment, and engaging in...

Definition The Yerkes-Dodson Law describes how performance on a task improves with increased arousal (or stress) up to a certain point, after which further increases in arousal lead to decreased performance. This means there is an optimal level of arousal for ...

Definition The Gestalt Principles of Perception are a set of psychological theories that describe how humans tend to organize and interpret visual information as coherent wholes rather than individual elements. These principles suggest that our brains actively...

Definition The Psychodynamic Theory of Personality is a psychological framework that emphasizes the role of unconscious processes, internal conflicts, and early life experiences in shaping an individual's personality and behavior. Heavily influenced by Sigmund...

Definition Automation and agency refers to the use of technology or systems (automation) to perform tasks that were previously done manually, while still allowing individuals or users (agency) to make decisions, take actions, or maintain control over their env...

Definition Digital identity refers to the representation of a person, organization, or system online. It is the self we construct and present through digital platforms. Digital identity encompasses various elements such as usernames, avatars, social media prof...

Definition The Extended Mind is philosophical and cognitive theory suggesting that technology and external tools are not separate from human thought but extensions of the mind itself. The concept is based on the idea that tools, technologies, social interactio...

Definition Human-technology interaction refers to study of how people engage with and adapt to tools, systems, and digital environments. It explores usability, accessibility, emotional responses, and the cognitive impact of technological interfaces. It focuses...

Definition Information overload is a cognitive state that occurs when the amount of information exceeds our ability to process it effectively. It leads to confusion, distraction, or paralysis in decision-making. Information overload occurs when an individual ...

Definition The theory that technological innovation is the primary driver of social and cultural change. It suggests that society evolves in response to the tools it creates rather than by conscious human design. Strong vs. Weak Technological Determinism There...

Definition Technostress refers to the stress or anxiety caused by the excessive use of technology or the pressure to keep up with rapidly changing technological demands. It is form of psychological strain resulting from overexposure to technology, rapid change...

Definition Executive functioning refers to a set of cognitive skills that help individuals plan, organize, prioritize, make decisions, and regulate their behavior effectively. It acts like an internal manager, overseeing tasks such as time management, problem-...

Definition Parapsychology is a field that attempts to apply scientific methodologies to investigate phenomena that cannot be explained by established laws of physics or psychology, such as known sensory mechanisms or established psychological theories. Emergin...

Definition The cingulate gyrus is a part of the brain located in the medial (inner) surface of the cerebral cortex, surrounding the corpus callosum. It plays an important role in various cognitive and emotional processes, including pain perception, decision-ma...