Merton, Robert
Overview
Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) was a highly influential American sociologist, considered one of the founding figures of modern sociology. Moving beyond grand theory, Merton focused on middle-range theory, which involved developing empirically testable explanations for specific social phenomena. He emphasized the importance of rigorous methodology and moved the discipline toward a more scientific approach. Often associated with functionalism, Merton critically refined the theory, acknowledging potential dysfunctions within social systems.
Significance
Merton’s work bridged macro and micro levels of analysis. He moved beyond simply describing social structures to analyzing how those structures impacted individual behavior and vice versa. His concepts remain foundational for understanding deviance, social control, and the unintended consequences of social action. He heavily influenced research in areas like criminology, political sociology, and the sociology of science.
Contributions
Merton introduced several key sociological concepts. Strain theory explains deviance as a result of a disconnect between culturally defined goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. Self-fulfilling prophecy demonstrates how expectations can influence social behavior and ultimately confirm those very expectations. He also formalized the distinction between manifest and latent functions of social institutions, recognizing that actions often have unintended consequences.