Group Polarization

Definition

Group polarization refers to the tendency for group discussion to strengthen the dominant opinions or attitudes of its members, often leading to more extreme positions than any member might have held individually. Groupthink, a concept developed by Irving Janis, occurs when the desire for harmony and conformity within a highly cohesive group suppresses dissenting viewpoints, leading to poor decision-making. Both phenomena illustrate how social pressure and group identity can distort reasoning and reduce independent judgment.

Example

A corporate board is deciding whether to launch a risky new product. Initially, several members express mild concern, but after discussing the company’s “innovative spirit,” the group becomes increasingly confident and dismisses potential problems—an example of group polarization. As enthusiasm grows, dissenters fall silent to avoid appearing disloyal. The team unanimously approves the launch without considering alternatives—demonstrating groupthink.

Why It Matters

Understanding group polarization and groupthink helps explain how collective decision-making can drift toward extremes or errors, even among intelligent and well-intentioned people. Both phenomena reveal how social cohesion and shared identity can undermine critical thinking, suppress dissent, and foster confirmation bias. Recognizing these patterns encourages groups to build safeguards—such as encouraging open debate, designating “devil’s advocates,” and diversifying membership—to promote balanced, evidence-based decisions.