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Definition Conservation is a cognitive skill where an individual understands that certain properties, such as quantity or volume, remain constant even when their appearance changes. This concept is fundamental to logical thinking and problem-solving, particula...

Definition Control theory (deviance and crime) is a criminological perspective that suggests individuals are less likely to engage in deviant or criminal behavior when they have strong social bonds, such as attachment to family, commitment to school or work, i...

Definition Convergent thinking is a cognitive process focused on narrowing down options to find a single correct answer or solution. It emphasizes logic, analysis, and precision, often used when a specific answer is required. Unlike divergent thinking, which g...

Definition Cooperation as social interaction refers to when two or more individuals work together toward a shared goal or task, combining their efforts, skills, and resources to achieve something that would be difficult or impossible for one person alone. It i...

Definition Coping refers to the strategies or techniques individuals use to manage and respond to stressful situations, challenges, or difficult emotions. It can be broadly categorized into two types: problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Proble...

Definition The corpus callosum is a large band of nerve fibers in the brain that connects the two cerebral hemispheres (left and right). It acts as a communication bridge, allowing the hemispheres to share information and work together. This structure is cruci...

Definition Crisis intervention refers to a structured approach designed to provide immediate support and assistance to individuals who are experiencing a mental health crisis or emotional distress. The goal is to stabilize the person, ensure their safety, and ...

Definition Critical thinking is a process of analyzing information objectively and systematically in order to make reasoned judgments or decisions. It involves questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, identifying biases, and considering alternative perspe...

Definition Crystallized intelligence refers to the accumulation of knowledge, experience, and expertise that a person develops over time. It is the ability to use this accumulated wisdom to solve problems, make decisions, and navigate complex situations effect...

Definition A cultural display rule refers to the socially learned norms or guidelines within a culture that dictate how emotions should be expressed or concealed in specific situations. These rules influence when, where, and how people show their feelings, oft...

Definition Cultural humility is an ongoing process of self-reflection and a willingness to learn about and understand other cultures without assuming superiority over them. It involves recognizing one's own cultural biases while actively seeking to appreciate ...

Definition Cultural lag refers to the delay in societal adjustments when technological advancements or other significant changes outpace the evolution of cultural norms, values, and institutions. This phenomenon occurs because while technology and infrastructu...

Definition Cultural relativism is the idea that a culture's beliefs, practices, and values should be understood in their own context rather than being judged by the standards of another culture. It emphasizes the importance of viewing cultural differences obje...

Definition Cultural transmission theory in the context of crime and deviance explains how individuals learn behaviors, both conforming and deviant, through social interactions within their cultural environment. According to this theory, people acquire values, ...

Definition Cultural universals are fundamental traits or practices that are common to all human societies, regardless of their specific cultural differences. These include basic human needs like communication, family structures, and art. More socially organize...

Definition Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society. It encompasses the way people live, interact, and understand the world around them. Culture is passed down through generations and ...

Definition Culture shock refers to the feeling of disorientation or confusion that occurs when someone is exposed to an unfamiliar cultural environment. This experience often arises when individuals encounter differences in language, customs, social norms, val...

Definition Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies used by individuals to cope with stress, anxiety, or conflict. These mechanisms help protect the mind from dealing directly with uncomfortable thoughts, emotions, or situations. They often operate unco...

Definition De jure segregation refers to the enforced separation of people based on race, ethnicity, or other characteristics through laws, policies, or official actions. Unlike de facto segregation, which occurs due to social or economic conditions without ex...

Definition The Demographic Transition Theory is a model that explains how populations change over time in response to improvements in healthcare, education, and economic conditions. It describes four stages of population growth: High Stationary Stage: High bi...