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Definition Structural functionalism is a sociological perspective that views society as a complex system composed of various interconnected parts, each serving specific functions that contribute to overall stability and equilibrium. These functions can be mani...

Definition Conflict theory is a sociological perspective that views society as being shaped by ongoing struggles and competitions among different groups. Unlike structural functionalism, which emphasizes harmony and stability, conflict theory focuses on inequa...

Definition Manifest Functions These are the overt, intentional roles that social structures or behaviors play. They are the obvious purposes we intend when engaging in a particular action or institution. Latent Functions These are the hidden or unintended cons...

Definition Deviance refers to behavior, beliefs, or actions that deviate from the accepted social norms, rules, or expectations of a particular society or group. It occurs when an individual’s conduct does not align with what is considered "normal" or appropri...

Definition Social cohesion refers to the degree of unity, solidarity, and sense of belonging among members of a society or community. It involves shared values, mutual respect, and cooperation between individuals from diverse backgrounds, despite differences i...

Definition Anomie is a concept from sociology that describes a state of normlessness or a breakdown in social norms and values within a society. It occurs when individuals feel disconnected from societal rules and expectations, leading to confusion, alienation...

Definition Social norms are the unwritten rules or expectations that guide how people behave in specific social situations. These norms are shaped by the values, beliefs, and practices of a particular culture, group, or society. They help individuals fit into ...

Definition Replication refers to the process of repeating an experiment or study under similar conditions to verify if the same results can be obtained again. It is a fundamental aspect of scientific research that helps ensure the reliability and validity of f...

Definition Selective attention is the ability to focus on specific pieces of information or stimuli while ignoring others in our environment. It helps us manage the overwhelming amount of sensory input we receive every moment, allowing us to prioritize what is...

Definition Symbolic interactionism is a sociological perspective that focuses on how individuals interpret and assign meaning to symbols, objects, gestures, or actions during social interactions. According to this theory, human behavior is shaped by these shar...

Definition Critical thinking is a process of analyzing information objectively and systematically in order to make reasoned judgments or decisions. It involves questioning assumptions, evaluating evidence, identifying biases, and considering alternative perspe...

Definition Folkways are social conventions or customary ways of behaving that are considered appropriate in a particular society or culture. Unlike laws, folkways are not formally enforced but are widely followed because they help maintain social order and har...

Definition Mores are the deeply held customs, behaviors, and beliefs of a society or culture that are considered morally right or wrong by its members. Unlike fokways, which may be flexible or casual, mores are often viewed as essential to maintaining social o...

Definition Explicit memory refers to the ability to consciously recall specific information or past events. It involves intentional remembering, such as recalling facts, experiences, or skills that you have learned. This type of memory is often referred to as ...

Definition Implicit memory refers to the unconscious retention of information or experiences that influences our behavior and thought processes without us actively trying to recall them. Unlike explicit memory, which involves conscious recollection (like remem...

Definition The amygdala is a small, almond-shaped structure located deep within the brain. It plays a key role in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety, and is part of the limbic system, which is involved in emotional responses. The amygdala helps...

Definition The limbic system is a group of interconnected brain structures that play a crucial role in regulating emotions, memory, and behaviors related to survival, such as fear, aggression, and reward-seeking. It includes key regions like the amygdala (invo...

Definition The hippocampus is a small, curved structure located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. It plays a critical role in the formation of new memories, particularly in consolidating information from short-term to long-term memory. The hippocampus ...

Definition The hypothalamus is a small region located at the base of the brain, just above the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's internal balance, or homeostasis, by controlling various essential functions such as body temperat...

Definition Associative learning is a process by which individuals learn to connect two or more stimuli or events through repeated experiences. In the context of social psychology, it often involves linking a neutral stimulus (something that doesn’t naturally e...