Parliamentary System
Overview
A parliamentary system is a form of government where the executive branch (like a prime minister) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislative branch (parliament). Unlike presidential systems, there is no strict separation between the executive and legislature. The head of state (e.g., monarch or ceremonial president) often plays a symbolic role, while the head of government (e.g., prime minister) holds real power. This system emphasizes collective responsibility, where decisions are made by cabinets accountable to parliament.
Historical Context
The parliamentary system traces its roots to medieval England, where elected representatives began advising the monarchy. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 solidified parliament's authority over the king, establishing constitutional monarchy. Over time, this model spread through British colonies, influencing countries like Canada, India, and Australia. It became a cornerstone of democratic governance, emphasizing rule by consent and limiting executive power.
Social Impact
The parliamentary system encourages political accountability, as governments must regularly justify policies to parliament. This can lead to more responsive governance but also frequent elections, risking instability. The system encourages collaboration and compromise, as cabinets rely on legislative support. However, it may struggle in deeply polarized societies, where consensus is harder to achieve. Overall, parliamentary systems balance tradition and adaptability, shaping modern democratic practices globally.