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Definition In sociology, an extended family refers to a family unit that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other close relatives connected by blood, marriage, or emotional bonds. Unlike the nuclear family, w...

Definition External control mechanisms in sociology refer to the systems, rules, and institutions designed to regulate individual and group behavior from the outside. These mechanisms ensure conformity to societal norms, laws, and expectations through enforcem...

Definition Extinction in classical conditioning refers to the process by which a conditioned response decreases or disappears when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. In simpler terms, it happens when a behavior...

Definition Extrasensory perception (ESP), often referred to as "sixth sense," is a concept in psychology that refers to the ability to acquire information about events or objects without relying on the traditional five senses: sight, sound, touch, taste, and s...

Definition Extrinsic motivation refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards or incentives rather than internal satisfaction or personal interest. It occurs when individuals engage in an activity not because they enjoy it or find it inherently fulfill...

Definition The Facial Feedback Hypothesis is the idea that our facial expressions can influence how we feel emotionally. It suggests that when we express emotions through our faces, those physical actions feed back into our emotional experiences, potentially a...

Definition A fad is a temporary and rapidly spreading phenomenon within a culture or society that becomes popular for a short period of time before losing its appeal. Unlike long-term trends, fads are characterized by their brief popularity and often involve s...

Definition The fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs when the body perceives danger or stress. It prepares the body to either confront the threat (fight) or escape from it (flight). This response is triggered by the release of hormon...

Definition The Five Factor Model, often referred to as the Big Five personality traits, is a widely accepted framework in psychology that describes human personality based on five core dimensions. These dimensions are: Openness: Encompasses creativity, curios...

Definition Flash bulb memory refers to a vivid, detailed, and long-lasting memory of an emotionally significant or surprising event. Unlike ordinary memories, which often fade over time, flash bulb memories are exceptionally clear and remain highly detailed ev...

Definition Individual Psychology, founded by Alfred Adler, is a holistic theory of personality that emphasizes the unity of the individual and the importance of social connectedness. Adler believed that human behavior is purposeful and goal-directed, driven by...

Definition Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think logically, solve problems, and adapt to new situations in real time without relying on prior knowledge or experience. It is the capacity to reason, analyze, and make decisions quickly when faced with...

Definition Folkways are social conventions or customary ways of behaving that are considered appropriate in a particular society or culture. Unlike laws, folkways are not formally enforced but are widely followed because they help maintain social order and har...

Definition The foot-in-the-door technique is a psychological strategy where a person makes a small, manageable request first to get someone to agree to something larger later. The idea is that once someone agrees to a minor commitment, they are more likely to ...

Definition Freud's Theory of Dreams suggests that dreams are a manifestation of unconscious desires, thoughts, and conflicts that are too threatening or unacceptable to be acknowledged consciously. According to Freud, dreams serve as a "royal road" to understa...

Definition A Freudian slip refers to an error in speech, memory, or action that is believed to reveal a subconscious thought, desire, or feeling that the person has not consciously intended to express. The concept was introduced by Sigmund Freud, the founder o...

Definition The frontal lobe is one of the four main regions of the brain and is located at the front part of the cerebral cortex, just behind the forehead. It plays a crucial role in higher-order functions such as decision-making, planning, problem-solving, co...

Definition Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias where people tend to see objects or ideas only in their conventional roles or purposes, making it difficult to consider alternative uses or applications. This phenomenon can hinder creativity and problem-solv...

Definition Functionalism in psychology is a theoretical perspective that focuses on understanding mental processes and behaviors in terms of their adaptive functions and purposes. Unlike structuralism, which emphasizes breaking down the mind into its basic com...

Definition The Functions of Family refer to the various roles and responsibilities that families undertake within a society. These functions are essential for maintaining social order, individual well-being, and cultural continuity. The primary functions inclu...