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Overview World Systems Theory (WST) is a macro-level sociological approach that examines how different regions of the world interact and influence each other within the larger global system. It was developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s as an alternati...

Overview Popular Sovereignty is the principle that the authority of a government derives from the people it governs, rather than from divine or hereditary power. This concept asserts that ultimate political power resides with the populace, who have the right t...

Overview Political parties are organizations that seek to gain and maintain political power by nominating candidates for elections, influencing policy decisions, and mobilizing voters around specific ideas and issues. They serve as intermediaries between citiz...

Overview A parliamentary system is a form of government where the executive branch (like a prime minister) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislative branch (parliament). Unlike presidential systems, there is no strict separation between...

Overview A presidential system is a form of government in which the executive branch (led by a president) operates separately from the legislative branch. This separation creates a system of checks and balances, where no single branch holds absolute power. In ...

Overview A coalition government is formed when two or more political parties agree to govern together, typically after no single party wins an outright majority in an election. This arrangement is common in parliamentary systems and allows diverse groups to sh...

Overview A Vote of No Confidence is a formal motion in parliamentary systems where members express dissatisfaction with a government or leader, often signaling a loss of trust or support. If passed, it can lead to the resignation of a government or force an el...

Overview Critical Theory is a type of thinking and analysis that critiques societal norms, values, and power structures. It emerged in the late 1920s and early 1930s as a response to the social, cultural, and political conditions of the time. Critical theorist...

Perceptual decoupling is a cognitive process describing our ability to mentally separate our perception of something from the thing itself. It's not about hallucinations or distortions . Instead, it is a fundamentally healthy function allowing for flexible tho...

Overview Metacognition refers to our ability to think about our own thinking. It involves monitoring and controlling cognition, which can include assessing our understanding of a topic, planning how to approach a task, and evaluating our performance. This high...

Overview Free association is a technique where you let your thoughts flow freely without holding back or censoring them. It’s like giving yourself permission to think aloud about whatever comes to mind, even if it doesn’t make perfect sense at first. This meth...

Overview Altruism is the act of helping others without expecting anything in return. It’s a kind of selflessness where someone puts the needs or well-being of another person above their own. Key Themes Altruism is often linked to compassion and empathy. Psycho...

Overview Heuristics are mental shortcuts that help people make quick decisions or solve problems without having to think everything through carefully every time. These shortcuts save time and effort but can sometimes lead to mistakes if they’re based on incomp...

Overview The theory of evolution is based on the idea of natural selection, a fundamental concept in biology that explains how species change over time. This process drives evolution, shaping the diversity of life we see around us. Key Ideas Variation: All or...