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Definition The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions. It is responsible for preparing the body to respond to stress or danger, often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" response. When a...

Definition A synapse is a tiny gap between neurons where communication occurs through chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. When an electrical signal reaches the end of one neuron, it triggers the release of these chemicals into the synapse. The neurot...

Definition Synesthesia is a neurological condition where stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to an automatic, involuntary experience in another. In simpler terms, it means that activating one sense (like hearing) triggers another unrelated sense (like see...

Definition Systems of generational relationships refer to how families or societies trace descent, inheritance, and social status through generations. There are three primary systems: Patrilineal System: Descent is traced through the father's lineage. Inherit...

Definition The temporal lobe is a region of the brain located on each side of the cortex, near the temples (hence the name). It plays a crucial role in processing auditory information, such as understanding speech and recognizing sounds. Additionally, it is in...

Definition The thalamus is a crucial part of the brain located deep within the center, near the top of the brainstem. It acts as a relay station, receiving sensory information from the body and other areas of the brain, filtering and prioritizing these signals...

Definition Theism is a belief in the existence of one or more deities who are considered to be supernatural beings capable of influencing the world and human life. These deities are often seen as creators, controllers, or moral authorities of the universe. The...

Definition A theory in research is a systematically organized set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that explains or predicts relationships among variables. Theories provide a framework for understanding how and why certain phenomena occur. They guide...

Definition Theory X is a management approach that assumes employees are inherently lazy, dislike work, and avoid responsibility unless forced. Proposed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s, it posits that managers must closely supervise, control, and use rewards o...

Definition Theory Y: Developed by psychologist Douglas McGregor in the 1960s, Theory Y is a management philosophy that assumes employees are naturally motivated, responsible, and creative individuals who take pride in their work. Unlike Theory X, which views e...

Definition Thermoception is the ability of organisms to detect and respond to changes in temperature. It is one of the fundamental senses that allows living beings to sense heat or cold from their environment, enabling them to maintain a stable internal body t...

Definition The unconscious in psychology refers to the part of the mind that contains thoughts, feelings, memories, and desires that are not actively conscious or aware. These contents are hidden from direct awareness but can influence behavior, emotions, and ...

Definition Top-down processing is a cognitive approach where higher-level mental processes, such as knowledge, expectations, and context, influence how we perceive and interpret sensory information. It starts with general concepts or ideas and works downward t...

Definition Transactional leadership is a style where leaders focus on creating clear exchanges or "transactions" between themselves and their team members. In this approach, the leader provides specific instructions, sets goals, and rewards employees for meeti...

Definition Transformational leadership is a style of leadership that focuses on inspiring and motivating individuals or teams to achieve significant change or growth. Unlike traditional leadership styles that may focus solely on task completion, transformation...

Definition The transtheoretical model is a framework developed by psychologists James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente to explain how people change their behavior, particularly in relation to health-related issues like quitting smoking, losing weight, or exercis...

Definition Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders are mental health conditions that develop in response to exposure to a traumatic or highly stressful event. These events can include accidents, abuse, natural disasters, combat, or other situations where an indi...

Definition The triarchic theory of intelligence, developed by psychologist Robert Sternberg, suggests that intelligence is not a single, fixed ability but rather consists of three distinct components: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence. Analytica...

Definition An unconditioned response refers to an automatic, instinctive reaction to a stimulus that occurs naturally without any prior learning or conditioning. It is a fundamental aspect of behaviorism, representing innate reactions crucial for survival and ...

Definition An unconditioned stimulus is something that naturally and automatically triggers a response without any prior learning or conditioning. It is a stimulus that inherently elicits a specific reaction because it is biologically relevant or important to ...