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Definition Reciprocal determinism is a psychological concept that describes how individuals and their environments influence each other in a two-way, interactive relationship. It suggests that behavior, personal factors (like thoughts or feelings), and environ...

Definition: Recognition in human memory retrieval refers to the process of identifying or acknowledging something that we have encountered before, whether it's an object, a person, a place, or an event. It occurs when our brain matches new information with sto...

Definition A reference group in sociology refers to a group of people that individuals use as a standard for evaluating their own attitudes, behaviors, and values. These groups serve as a benchmark against which people compare themselves, influencing how they ...

Definition Relearning refers to the process of revisiting and re-acquiring knowledge or skills that were previously learned but have been forgotten over time. It involves reconstructing memories by reintroducing information into the brain, often with the help ...

Definition The consistency of a measure or test over time or across different observers. Example  A questionnaire designed to measure self-esteem should yield similar results when administered to the same group of individuals on different occasions, assuming ...

Definition In sociology, religion is defined as a set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and shared values that are centered around the sacred or the divine. It often involves a community of people who come together to worship, celebrate, or reflect on their spir...

Definition Replication refers to the process of repeating an experiment or study under similar conditions to verify if the same results can be obtained again. It is a fundamental aspect of scientific research that helps ensure the reliability and validity of f...

Definition Representative bias occurs when people make decisions or judgments about individuals based on stereotypes or generalizations about a group they belong to, rather than considering their unique characteristics or circumstances. It happens when someone...

Definition The issue or topic that a researcher seeks to address. Example A researcher is reviewing previous research on social media use, and notices that there has been no research conducted the relationship between social media use and locus of control. Th...

Defintion A question that guides the focus of a research study. Example A researcher has previously identified a research problem: "There is limited data available regarding the relationship between social media use and locus of control." To provide focus for...

Definition Resocialization is the process of learning new social norms, behaviors, and values that differ from those previously held or practiced. It involves unlearning old habits or beliefs and adopting new ones to better fit into a changing environment or s...

Definition Resolution-Focused Brief Therapy (RFBT) is an approach to therapy that emphasizes identifying and resolving specific problems or concerns within a limited number of sessions. Unlike long-term psychotherapy, RFBT focuses on actionable steps to addres...

Definition The reticular formation is a network of nerve cells and fibers located in the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in regulating wakefulness, sleep, and attention by filtering sensory information and controlling the level of arousal in the brain. Exam...

Definition Retrieval refers to the process of accessing and bringing information from your memory into your conscious awareness when you need it. It is a critical part of how we use what we have learned in the past to understand, solve problems, or make decisi...

Definition Retroactive interference is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when new information disrupts or interferes with the ability to recall previously learned information. It happens because our brains are constantly processing and organizing informat...

Definition Reuptake is a process in the brain where neurotransmitters, chemicals that transmit signals between neurons, are absorbed back into the neuron that originally released them after they have completed their signaling task. This mechanism helps regulat...

Definition Rites of passage are ceremonies or rituals that mark significant transitions in an individual's life. These events signify the movement from one stage or status to another, often symbolizing growth, change, or acceptance into a new social role. Exam...

Definition In sociology, a "role" refers to a set of expectations, behaviors, and responsibilities assigned to individuals based on their social position or identity within a group or society. Roles define how people are expected to act in specific situations ...

Definition Role conflict occurs when a person experiences competing demands or expectations from two or more roles they occupy, leading to internal tension or difficulty fulfilling all responsibilities effectively. It often arises when the duties, time commitm...

Definition Role strain occurs when the demands or expectations of a single social role become difficult to fulfill simultaneously. It differs from role conflict, which involves tension between different roles; role strain happens within the same role when its ...