Blumer's Stages of Social Problems
Overview
Herbert Blumer’s stages of a social problem (1971) describe how society collectively defines and responds to issues. It’s not simply about a condition existing; it's about a process of social construction. Blumer outlines a sequence: 1) Social Problem Emergence: Initial disturbance – something happens that’s perceived as troubling. 2) Legitimation: Increased attention, involving experts (doctors, researchers) who validate the concern and establish its seriousness. Media coverage plays a huge role here. 3) Mobilization for Action: People organize. Advocacy groups form and laws are proposed to do something about the perceived problem. 4) Official Intervention: Formal action is taken by institutions. Laws are passed, programs are funded. 5) Decline/Re-definition: The problem becomes less of a public concern, either because it’s addressed, fades naturally, or is redefined as something else.
Key Themes
Blumer emphasizes that social problems aren't objective "facts" but are socially constructed. What's considered a problem varies across cultures and time periods. He highlights the role of collective action. Problems don’t resolve themselves; people must actively define and address them. The stages aren’t always linear; issues can cycle back or stall.
Significance
Understanding Blumer’s stages helps us analyze how societal concerns gain traction, how power dynamics influence responses, and why certain issues receive more attention than others. It illustrates that “problems” aren’t inherent but created through social processes.