Horney, Karen Theory of Personality
Overview
Karen Horney (1885–1952) was a German-American psychoanalyst and one of the founding figures of neo-Freudian psychology. Her theory of personality emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors, particularly early childhood experiences, in shaping individual behavior and mental processes. Unlike Freud, who focused on biological drives, Horney highlighted interpersonal dynamics and the search for security as central to human development.
Key Themes
- Three Basic Needs: Horney proposed that all individuals have three fundamental needs: the need for security, the need to move toward people (affection), the need to move away from people (independence), and the need to move against people (recognition). These needs influence personality development.
- Basic Anxiety: She introduced the concept of basic anxiety, a deep-seated fear of being overwhelmed or isolated, which arises from early childhood experiences of neglect or emotional instability. This anxiety shapes how individuals interact with others and perceive themselves.
- Idealized Self-Image: Horney emphasized the importance of the idealized self-image, a distorted view of oneself that develops as a defense against basic anxiety. Over time, this can lead to neurotic needs, such as an obsessive desire for love or power.
Significance
Horney’s work challenged Freud’s emphasis on biological drives and introduced a more socially oriented understanding of personality. Her ideas remain influential in psychology, particularly in areas like attachment theory, feminist psychology, and the study of interpersonal relationships. Her focus on cultural and social influences continues to resonate with contemporary discussions about mental health and personal growth.